Ristolainen, Kim (13.04.2026) Quantifying Minsky Cycles. Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers, No 3, 2026. Link to publication.
Abstract
We develop a novel sentiment measure from survey forecasts that captures the component of beliefs arising from the systematic misaggregation of public information relative to a machine benchmark based on the same information set. We extend this sentiment measure historically for a panel of 78 countries using machine learning models trained on BERT embeddings of historical news articles (1903–2020). The backcasted sentiment shows that shocks in median sentiment predict credit booms in the non-tradable corporate sector, which prior research has linked to financial crises. We further find that this sentiment component is shaped by memory-related dynamics, as the time elapsed since major crises and the share of young-to-old people in the population predict surges in optimism even when recent economic developments are controlled for. Taken together, the findings provide new historical evidence consistent with the Minsky-Kindleberger view on financial crises.